Beyond City Limits: Methamphetamine Supply and Demand in Rural and Regional Australia
Recent evidence suggests that crystal methamphetamine use has been increasing across Australia, especially in regional communities. However, most research and monitoring systems in Australia focus on capital cities. As a result, there is limited knowledge about the scale of the methamphetamine market in regional areas, the full extent of impacts on regional communities or the similarities and differences in methamphetamine markets or harms across rural and regional communities. Equally there has been limited attention to what can be done to improve local regional capacity to respond. To help address this knowledge gap, this project funded by the Australian Research Council Discovery Project Scheme (DP230100966), is examining methamphetamine supply and demand across Australian rural and regional communities.
The first study of its kind nationally, this project will use a comparative analysis across four communities in three states, namely Murray Bridge and Port Augusta in South Australia, Mildura in Victoria and Broken Hill in New South Wales. It will then draw together qualitative and quantitative methods (focus groups/interviews with local regional stakeholders, an online survey of people who use drugs and ethnographic immersion).
In the first phase, focus group discussions and interviews will be conducted with regional stakeholders. A total of 16 focus groups, four at each research site are planned. This will explore factors such as the size and nature of methamphetamine markets, the justice, health and social impacts on regional communities and drivers and mechanisms of supply and demand.
In the second phase, a 30-day encrypted online survey on drug consumption and purchasing will be conducted across the four regional communities. The survey will recruit individuals who consume and purchase illicit drugs and obtain detailed data on the extent and nature of use including prevalence of use, type of drug(s) used, changes over time and any differences between different regional communities in Australia.
This project has received ethics approval from Flinders University under project No. 8162.
This research will offer significant benefits for regional communities and policymakers at local, state, and federal levels. First, following a decade of unmatched growth in the availability and consumption of methamphetamine, this project will provide the first comprehensive analysis of methamphetamine supply, use and harms within rural and regional Australia. Second, it will provide a rich set of new knowledge on usage patterns, pricing, and market characteristics; the extent and nature of impacts on individuals, families, communities and service providers; and similarities and differences between states and between different regional communities. Third, it will lead to development of some of the first datasets on patterns of use and purchasing and market characteristics like availability, price and purity across multiple regional sites and can thereby help to fill significant gaps in Australian drug trend monitoring capacity. Finally, the findings are expected to help co-design new policy roadmaps and responses for each regional community. Doing so will support whole-of-community approaches to reducing methamphetamine harms. With methamphetamine use and supply costing the Australian government $5 billion per year, this project stands to provide significant social, public health and economic benefits.
Research Team
This project is being undertaken by a multidisciplinary team of researchers with expertise in criminology, drug policy and public health and with a strong track record in working with stakeholders to advance policy and practice.
Lead Chief Investigator
Caitlin Hughes is an Associate Professor in criminology and drug policy and Matthew Flinders Fellow at Flinders Criminology and the Centre for Social Impact, Flinders University. As one of the few criminologists and drug policy scholars internationally, and current President of the International Society for the Study of Drug Policy, Caitlin has 18 years’ experience working at the interface of criminal justice, health and social systems to drive evidence-based system change.
Caitlin has extensive experience in analysing drug markets to identify the nature of demand and supply and avenues to reduce drug-related harms as well as the effects of different legislative and law enforcement approaches to drug use and supply. Grant funders (selected) include the Australian Research Council; National Drug Law Enforcement Research Fund; Australian Institute of Criminology; Swiss Federal Office of Public Health; Irish Department of Justice and Equality and Department of Health. She brings a strong track record in engagement with policy makers, law enforcement and health officials from within and outside Australia to deliver policy and practice change including in Australia, Canada, England, Ireland, Portugal and USA.
Chief Investigator
Mark Halsey is a Professor of Criminology at Flinders Criminology and the Centre for Social Impact, an Australian Research Council Industry Laureate Fellow and former Chief Editor of the Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology. Mark has extensive experience, covering more than 25 years, analysing youth offending, incarceration, rehabilitation and desistance from crime and Aboriginal social exclusion.
From 2004 to 2013, Mark conducted Australia’s longest and most in-depth study of repeat incarceration and desistance from crime among a group of young men aged 15 to 29 years. The book based on that research (Young Offenders: Crime, Prison and Struggles for Desistance) won the 2017 Christine M Alder Book Prize. Recipient of numerous grants, including a four-year Australian Research Council grant titled “Reducing Aboriginal Imprisonment: An Offence-Specific Study”, in 2024, Mark was one of just 8 recipients in Australia to receive a prestigious ARC Industry Fellowship Program to build on pilot work to help fundamentally change the way prisoners are rehabilitated in NSW.
Chief Investigator
Jacqueline Bowden is Director of the National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA), Flinders University. She is a behavioural scientist who has worked at the interface of research and public health policy for more than twenty years (particularly in tobacco control, e-cigarette alcohol and other drugs). She has held roles in academia, the non-government sector and within government.
Professor Bowden has been a key advisor to South Australian Government for 15 years, and she previously managed the implementation of all research and evaluation for all SA Government-funded tobacco control programs (and overarching strategies). She has been a consultant in research and evaluation design and has held an NHMRC Early Career Fellowship to investigate ways to reduce parental supply of alcohol to children. Jacqueline also currently leads a national evaluation of one of Australia’s largest public health campaigns, which aims to raise awareness of the risks of drinking alcohol during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Research Associate
Hamid Azizi is a Research Associate in Criminology at Flinders Criminology and the Centre for Social Impact, College of Business, Government and Law and final year PhD student. Hamid has over 15 years of research experience with the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) – the leading international organisation overseeing monitoring and research into illicit drug markets and trends. He brings specific expertise in both quantitative and qualitative data analysis methodologies.
His PhD for example involved nearly 200 qualitative and mixed-method interviews with hard-to-reach-population and covert networks, including active drug traffickers, poppy-growing farmers, village and tribal leaders, law enforcement officials and academics from Afghanistan, as a means to examine the Taliban’s involvement in and profit from the drug trade in Afghanistan and changes in opiate and methamphetamine supply pre and post the Taliban taking control.
Hamid’s research, published through UNODC, has produced evidence that informed policy and intervention strategies within frameworks such as the United Nations Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice, the Commission on Narcotics Drugs and the United Nations Security Council Sanctions Monitoring Teams. Additionally, his peer-reviewed articles have been published in reputable, high impact outlets, including Global Crime and International Journal of Qualitative Methods.
Research Fellow
Dr. Gianluca is a research fellow at the National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction. As a research psychologist, his main area of study is substance and behavioural addiction.
Gianluca’s PhD thesis focused on the impact of sports betting marketing on young individuals. Additionally, he has conducted research on school-based bullying among Australian students.
His research interests in the alcohol and other drugs (AOD) sector are diverse. He is particularly interested in studying the psychosocial determinants of substance use, the ways in which young people view the harms of substances, and the prevalence of drug use in Australian society.
Research Centres
Our project and research team are supported by two research centres:
The Centre for Social Impact (CSI) is a national research and education centre dedicated to catalysing social change for a better world. CSI is built on the foundation of four of Australia’s leading universities: UNSW Sydney, The University of Western Australia, Flinders University and Swinburne University of Technology. Our research develops and brings together knowledge to understand current social challenges and opportunities across domains such as social justice, homelessness and social systems reform, particularly by working with and for communities to deliver real world social change.
Established in 1992, the National Centre for Education and Training on Addiction (NCETA) is an internationally recognised research centre that works as a catalyst for change in the alcohol and other drugs (AOD) field. Our purpose is to conduct and disseminate world class research that advances knowledge, innovation, and evidence-based practice to minimise harms associated with alcohol and other drug use. NCETA’s core business is the promotion of workforce development (WFD) principles, research and evaluation of effective practices; investigating the prevalence and effect of alcohol and other drug use in the community; and the development and evaluation of prevention and intervention programs, policy and resources for workplaces and organisations. NCETA is based at Flinders University and is a collaboration between the University, the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing and the SA Department of Health.
Further details about the survey as well links to take part will be available soon.
Publications and outputs from the project will be added as they become available. Please check back in later.
Contacts and Resources
Contact Us
For general information and questions about the study, please email the team and the Lead Chief Investigator:
Email the team:
Information about the study: beyondcitylimits@flinders.edu.au
Survey assistance and inquiries: regionaldrugsurvey@flinders.edu.au
Email our lead investigator Associate Professor Caitlin Hughes: caitlin.hughes@flinders.edu.au
Resources
For advice or information on alcohol and other drugs please see the following:
ADIS
The Alcohol and Drug Information Service (ADIS) is a confidential telephone counselling, information and referral service for the general public, concerned family and friends, students and health professionals.
Telephone: 1300 13 1340
(available between 8.30am and 10pm every day)
Lifeline:
Confidential one-to-one support:
Telephone: 131 114 (available 24/7)
Cracks in the Ice
Cracks in the Ice is a national online toolkit providing evidence-based and up-to-date information and resources crystal methamphetamine (‘ice’) for the Australian community.
Factsheets
Reducing risks from alcohol or drugs
If you have any complaints or reservations about the ethical conduct of this study, you may contact Flinders University’s Research Ethics, Integrity & Compliance Office via telephone 08 8201 2543 or email: human.researchethics@flinders.edu.au
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