Toxic Waters
North Lecture Theatre 1, Humanities Building, Flinders University, Bedford Park
Image: Narungga waters on the Yorke Peninsula, 2025. Photo: Andrew Cowen
Since March 2025, Karenia mikimotoi — a microscopic algae — has spread along the South Australian coastline, killing thousands of sea creatures and devastating marine ecosystems. Triggered by a marine heatwave and prolonged calm sea conditions, its impact reaches far beyond the shoreline. Businesses, tourism operators, and coastal communities are facing economic loss, emotional strain, and growing uncertainty about the future.
Despite hopes that winter winds and rainfall would disperse the bloom, it persists. Experts warn that this environmental disaster is unlikely to resolve quickly, raising urgent questions about climate change, resilience, and the health of our oceans.
Toxic Waters brought together South Australian scientists — Enya Chitty, Faith Coleman, Emeritus Professor Ian Gibbins and Dr Georgina Wood — to explore the science and broader implications of this unfolding environmental crisis.
Their insights and observations included oceanographic and climatic factors driving the bloom, its ecological and physiological impacts, the nature of algal toxins, and the vital role of citizen science in monitoring and responding to harmful algal events.
The panel was presented by Flinders University Museum of Art in association with the exhibition Crosscurrents.
About the speakers
Enya Chitty is a PhD candidate in Coastal Systems at Flinders University and ATSE (Australian Academy of Technological Sciences & Engineering) Elevate Scholar. Her research aims to improve seagrass restoration in southern temperate oceans by identifying hydrodynamic thresholds for seagrass recruitment and persistence. Her work combines expertise in coastal geomorphology and nearshore hydrodynamics with predictive geospatial modelling and direct hydrodynamic observations.
Faith Coleman is an estuarine ecologist specialising in microbiological ecology and biochemistry. Her work focuses on estuarine processes, integrated management, and adaptive landscape strategies to protect ecological features. Passionate about climate change adaptation and sustainable resource use, Faith began testing water samples at Waitpinga shortly after the initial algal bloom and has since galvanised citizen science efforts across South Australia’s coastal communities.
Ian Gibbins is Emeritus Professor of Anatomy at Flinders University, where he taught and conducted research for 30 years. Internationally recognised for his studies on the microscopic structure and function of autonomic and visceral sensory nerves, his research has been widely published and cited. Since the emergence of the algal bloom in early 2025, Ian has been investigating associated toxins and their effects.
Georgina Wood is an ARC Early Career Fellow at Flinders University, specialising in temperate kelp ecosystems. She has led restoration projects focused on the genomics of key seaweed species and the conservation of genetic diversity. Georgina co-led the first underwater surveys of the algal bloom’s impact and is a member of the Great Southern Reef Research Partnership, a national network of leading temperate marine scientists.
Resources
South Australian government data and associated information is available here.
To contribute to citizen science efforts that are documenting the impacts of the harmful algal bloom our panellists direct you to:
www.inaturalist.org
Downloading iNaturalist app enables you to record observations of marine and plant life washed ashore, and/or other unexpected effects. Faith Coleman notes that measured counts, which can be recorded in the comments section, are particularly useful e.g. "I walked 100m and saw ten dead cuttlefish". Researchers are regularly accessing this data.
https://www.facebook.com/groups/1315762396637652/
People who would like to be involved with the community of plankton counters, are directed to the Facebook group called "Phytoplankton of South Australia". In this case, join the group to understand the scope of work and opportunities.
https://reeflifesurvey.com/
For divers, Dr. Georgina Wood recommends connecting to ‘Reef Life Explorer’, a digital tool tracking the health of vial reef ecosystems around the world. More information about how to get involved here.
For an expanded version of Ian Gibbins' discussion and references, visit his website below.
https://www.iangibbins.com.au/science/citizen-science/south-australian-harmful-algal-bloom-2025/
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